English: Class 10 (Words and Expressions) — Chapter 5: Glimpses of India

Introduction & Let's Begin

This unit explores the rich diversity of India in terms of culture, language, food, and traditions. It encourages students to research regional cuisines, dance forms, music, and art forms across different Indian states, mapping them to highlight interesting cultural facts.

Reading Comprehension: Text I (The Parsi Community & Cuisine)

The Story of Nowrosji Kapadia

An excerpt from 'Down Memory Lane with the Parsis of New Delhi' by Shernaz Italia. It describes the warm hospitality of Nowrosji Kapadia, who welcomed Parsi visitors arriving at the Old Delhi railway station on the Frontier Mail, inviting them to his home for meals and stays, which marked the beginning of the Parsi community in Delhi.

Parsi Culinary Traditions

Parsi festivals featured elaborate home-cooked meals, where outside catering was unheard of. Key traditional delicacies include:

  • Dar ni pori: Rich pastry stuffed with sweetened lentils.
  • Malido: A Parsi-style halwa requiring intense physical effort to prepare.
  • Sev: Brown vermicelli cooked in milk and served with fresh cream.
  • Ravo: Semolina pudding.
  • Mithu dahi: Sweetened curd made with full cream milk.
  • Bafellaeeda: Hard-boiled eggs.
  • Kheemo kaleji: Mutton mince with liver.
  • Smori dal chawal & Macchi no patio: White boiled rice with yellow dal and a tart, tangy fish curry.
  • Teatime Treats: Parsi biscuits (batasa, nan khatai, khari), patrel (steamed arbi leaves with besan), kumas (rich cake), and bhakra (sweet deep-fried doughnuts).

Vocabulary & Expressions

  • cajole: Persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery.
  • dainty: Delicately small and pretty.
  • extensive: Covering or affecting a large area; detailed and far-reaching.
  • overruled: Reject or disallow an argument or decision.
  • vouch: Assert or confirm as a result of one's own experience.
Reading Comprehension: Text II (Araku Valley Coffee)

Geography & History of Araku Valley

Located 1,200m above sea level in the north-eastern corner of Andhra Pradesh, bordering Odisha. Coffee was first introduced to these hill tracts in 1898 by British civil servant N.S. Brodie. The Naandi Foundation later transformed it from a livelihood initiative into a globally appreciated brand managed by Adivasi farmers.

Bio-Dynamic Farming Practices

Araku coffee is produced using bio-dynamic farming, creating an interconnected, symbiotic ecosystem. The soil is enriched through composting, and shade trees like mango and jackfruit are planted. Standard operating procedures are maintained from "sapling to savouring" to ensure high-quality aroma and flavor.

Vocabulary & Key Terms

  • bio-dynamic: A system of farming that views the farm as a cohesive, interconnected living system.
  • terroirs: The environmental factors (soil, climate) that affect a crop's character.
  • traverses: Travels across or through.
  • mandals: Administrative divisions in some Indian states.
  • tucked: Hidden or situated in a safe, quiet place.
Vocabulary & Grammar

Sound Associations

Matching actions/objects with their characteristic sounds:

  • shuffling of feet
  • striking of a match
  • puffing of an engine
  • clanking of chains
  • sighing of the wind
  • rustling of leaves
  • banging of the door
  • gurgling of water
  • howling of hyenas

Participles as Adjectives

Verbs ending in -ing (present participles) and -ed (past participles) can function as adjectives:

  • Present Participle (-ing): Describes the characteristic of a person, thing, or situation (e.g., welcoming cup, pleasing performance).
  • Past Participle (-ed): Describes a feeling or emotion (e.g., delighted with the gift, bored students).
Writing & Projects

Kashmiri Breads (The Kandur Tradition)

In Kashmir, the local baker (Kandur) shop is a social hub. Traditional Kashmiri breads include:

  • Tsot-Girda: Medium-sized round everyday breakfast bread.
  • Lavasa: Puffy flatbread made from maida.
  • Tsochwor / Tilvor: Bagel-shaped hard bread with sesame seeds, eaten with afternoon tea.
  • Kulcha: Crispy palm-sized breads (sweet or savory) sprinkled with poppy seeds.
  • Sheermal: Mildly sweet bread.
  • Roath: Sweet, cake-like bread baked in a tandoor, topped with dry fruits for special occasions.

The Frontier Mail

Flagged off in 1928, the Frontier Mail was a prestigious, luxurious, and highly punctual train running from Bombay to Peshawar (2,335 km in 72 hours). It departed from Ballard Pier Mall Station to carry passengers and mail arriving from Europe by ship.