Everyday life is largely associated with knowing the status, level, attitude, skill, cause, or effect of human effort. To answer these queries, we use test, measurement, and evaluation, which are interrelated, interdependent, and follow a continuous process.
A Test is a tool used to obtain information to determine the specific characteristics or qualities of an individual regarding knowledge, physical abilities, skill abilities, etc. Examples include unit tests, annual examinations, physical fitness tests, or body measurements (height, weight).
Measurement can be quantitative, qualitative, or both. It is a score or data in numerical or grading values, indicating the capacity or ability of an individual, obtained on the basis of an applied test. A student's score in a test or examination, either on the field or in the classroom, is called measurement.
Evaluation is the process of interpreting collected data to measure and make a professional judgement of value or worth. It provides feedback on the effectiveness of measures. Evaluation can be formative or summative, and involves three sequential steps: process education, objectives, learning experiences, and change of behaviour.
The TME process (Test, Measurement, and Evaluation) is useful for achievement, diagnosis, prescription, improvement, classification, grading, motivation, and predicting performance.
This section covers the measurement and evaluation of major physical fitness components: muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR).
Muscular Strength refers to the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to overcome or act against resistance. It depends on physiological factors (cross-section of muscle, ratio of slow/fast twitch fibers, muscle coordination, ATP and CP stores) and psychic factors (anger, motivation, emotional state).
Measures upper limb muscular strength and endurance.
Identifies and assesses the strength and endurance of abdominal muscles.
Assesses muscular strength and endurance of the lower body.
Muscular Endurance is the ability of muscles to perform activity over a period of time. It is highly related to slow-twitch muscle fibers and is often referred to as stamina.
Assesses cardiovascular and muscular endurance.
Flexibility is the range of motion around various joints, helping execute movements with greater range and less muscle tension.
Measures flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles using a sit-and-reach box.
| Poor | Fair | Good | Very Good | Excellent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 in (15 cm) | 10 in (25 cm) | 12 in (30 cm) | 14 in (35 cm) | 16 in (40 cm) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) assesses an individual's level of obesity by dividing weight by the square of height.
| Category | BMI (kg/m²) From | BMI (kg/m²) To |
|---|---|---|
| Very severely underweight | - | 15 |
| Severely underweight | 15 | 16 |
| Underweight | 16 | 18.5 |
| Normal (healthy weight) | 18.5 | 24 |
| Overweight | 25.0 | 29.9 |
| Obesity | 30 and above | - |
For children aged 2 to 20, BMI is evaluated using percentiles: less than 5th percentile is underweight, 5th to 85th is normal, 85th to 95th is overweight, and above 95th is obese.
The Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) evaluates fat distribution and health risks. Carrying more weight around the middle increases health risks.
| Men | Women | Health Risk Level |
|---|---|---|
| 0.95 or less | 0.80 or less | Low risk |
| 0.96 to 1.0 | 0.81 to 0.85 | Moderate risk |
| 1.0 or higher | 0.85 or higher | High risk |
Developed by American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon in the 1940s, Somatotypes classify human physiques into three distinct body types based on embryonic germ layers.
Characterized by a high percentage of body fat and a pear-shaped body.
Characterized by a well-muscled, athletic frame with low body fat levels.
Characterized by a lean, thin, and slender build with minimal muscle mass.