Reference tables for the Greek alphabet symbols used throughout physics equations, and the standard SI prefixes for multiples and sub-multiples.
| Name | Uppercase | Lowercase | Name | Uppercase | Lowercase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha | A | $\alpha$ | Iota | I | $\iota$ |
| Beta | B | $\beta$ | Kappa | K | $\kappa$ |
| Gamma | $\Gamma$ | $\gamma$ | Lambda | $\Lambda$ | $\lambda$ |
| Delta | $\Delta$ | $\delta$ | Mu | M | $\mu$ |
| Epsilon | E | $\varepsilon$ | Nu | N | $\nu$ |
| Zeta | Z | $\zeta$ | Xi | $\Xi$ | $\xi$ |
| Eta | H | $\eta$ | Omicron | O | o |
| Theta | $\Theta$ | $\theta$ | Pi | $\Pi$ | $\pi$ |
| Rho | P | $\rho$ | Sigma | $\Sigma$ | $\sigma$ |
| Tau | T | $\tau$ | Upsilon | Y | $\upsilon$ |
| Phi | $\Phi$ | $\phi$, $\varphi$ | Chi | X | $\chi$ |
| Psi | $\Psi$ | $\psi$ | Omega | $\Omega$ | $\omega$ |
| Multiples | Sub-Multiples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Prefix | Symbol | Factor | Prefix | Symbol |
| $10^{18}$ | exa | E | $10^{-18}$ | atto | a |
| $10^{15}$ | peta | P | $10^{-15}$ | femto | f |
| $10^{12}$ | tera | T | $10^{-12}$ | pico | p |
| $10^{9}$ | giga | G | $10^{-9}$ | nano | n |
| $10^{6}$ | mega | M | $10^{-6}$ | micro | $\mu$ |
| $10^{3}$ | kilo | k | $10^{-3}$ | milli | m |
| $10^{2}$ | hecto | h | $10^{-2}$ | centi | c |
| $10^{1}$ | deca | da | $10^{-1}$ | deci | d |
A comprehensive compilation of fundamental physical constants and other useful numerical values used in physical calculations.
| Constant Name | Symbol | Standard Value & Units |
|---|---|---|
| Speed of light in vacuum | $c$ | 2.9979 \times 10^{8} m s^{-1} |
| Charge of electron | $e$ | 1.602 \times 10^{-19} C |
| Gravitational constant | $G$ | 6.673 \times 10^{-11} N m^{2} kg^{-2} |
| Planck constant | $h$ | 6.626 \times 10^{-34} J s |
| Boltzmann constant | $k$ | 1.381 \times 10^{-23} J K^{-1} |
| Avogadro number | $N_A$ | 6.022 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1} |
| Universal gas constant | $R$ | 8.314 J mol^{-1} K^{-1} |
| Mass of electron | $m_e$ | 9.110 \times 10^{-31} kg |
| Mass of neutron | $m_n$ | 1.675 \times 10^{-27} kg |
| Mass of proton | $m_p$ | 1.673 \times 10^{-27} kg |
| Electron-charge to mass ratio | $e/m_e$ | 1.759 \times 10^{11} C/kg |
| Faraday constant | $F$ | 9.648 \times 10^{4} C/mol |
| Rydberg constant | $R$ | 1.097 \times 10^{7} m^{-1} |
| Bohr radius | $a_0$ | 5.292 \times 10^{-11} m |
| Stefan-Boltzmann constant | $\sigma$ | 5.670 \times 10^{-8} W m^{-2} K^{-4} |
| Wien's Constant | $b$ | 2.898 \times 10^{-3} m K |
| Permittivity of free space | $\varepsilon_0$ | 8.854 \times 10^{-12} C^{2} N^{-1} m^{-2} |
| Permeability of free space | $\mu_0$ | 4\pi \times 10^{-7} T m A^{-1} \approx 1.257 \times 10^{-6} Wb A^{-1} m^{-1} |
| Constant Name | Symbol | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical equivalent of heat | $J$ | 4.186 J cal^{-1} |
| Standard atmospheric pressure | $1\text{ atm}$ | 1.013 \times 10^{5} Pa |
| Absolute zero | $0\text{ K}$ | -273.15 °C |
| Electron volt | $1\text{ eV}$ | 1.602 \times 10^{-19} J |
| Unified Atomic mass unit | $1\text{ u}$ | 1.661 \times 10^{-27} kg |
| Electron rest energy | $m_e c^2$ | 0.511 MeV |
| Energy equivalent of 1 u | $1\text{ u } c^2$ | 931.5 MeV |
| Volume of ideal gas ($0\text{ °C}$ and $1\text{ atm}$) | $V$ | 22.4 L mol^{-1} |
| Acceleration due to gravity (sea level, at equator) | $g$ | 9.78049 m s^{-2} |
Conversion factors written as equations for simplicity across various physical dimensions.
Essential mathematical relations spanning geometry, quadratic equations, trigonometry, expansions, and vector algebra.
Let $\mathbf{a}$, $\mathbf{b}$, and $\mathbf{c}$ be arbitrary vectors with magnitudes $a$, $b$, and $c$.
Tables of SI derived units expressed in terms of base units, units with special names, and combinations thereof.
| Physical Quantity | Unit Name | Symbol | Expression in terms of other units | Expression in terms of SI base units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | hertz | Hz | - | $s^{-1}$ |
| Force | newton | N | - | $kg\cdot m\cdot s^{-2}$ |
| Pressure, stress | pascal | Pa | $N/m^2$ | $kg\cdot m^{-1}\cdot s^{-2}$ |
| Energy, work, heat | joule | J | $N\cdot m$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-2}$ |
| Power, radiant flux | watt | W | $J/s$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-3}$ |
| Electric charge | coulomb | C | - | $A\cdot s$ |
| Electric potential, EMF | volt | V | $W/A$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-3}\cdot A^{-1}$ |
| Capacitance | farad | F | $C/V$ | $A^2\cdot s^4\cdot kg^{-1}\cdot m^{-2}$ |
| Electric resistance | ohm | $\Omega$ | $V/A$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-3}\cdot A^{-2}$ |
| Magnetic flux | weber | Wb | $V\cdot s$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-2}\cdot A^{-1}$ |
| Magnetic field strength | tesla | T | $Wb/m^2$ | $kg\cdot s^{-2}\cdot A^{-1}$ |
| Inductance | henry | H | $Wb/A$ | $kg\cdot m^2\cdot s^{-2}\cdot A^{-2}$ |
A comprehensive reference of physical quantities, their defining relationships, and their dimensional formulas.
| S.No | Physical Quantity | Relationship with other quantities | Dimensions | Dimensional Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Area | Length $\times$ breadth | $[L^2]$ | $[M^0 L^2 T^0]$ |
| 2. | Volume | Length $\times$ breadth $\times$ height | $[L^3]$ | $[M^0 L^3 T^0]$ |
| 3. | Mass density | Mass / volume | $[M]/[L^3]$ | $[M L^{-3} T^0]$ |
| 4. | Frequency | 1 / time period | $1/[T]$ | $[M^0 L^0 T^{-1}]$ |
| 5. | Velocity, speed | Displacement / time | $[L]/[T]$ | $[M^0 L T^{-1}]$ |
| 6. | Acceleration | Velocity / time | $[LT^{-1}]/[T]$ | $[M^0 L T^{-2}]$ |
| 7. | Force | Mass $\times$ acceleration | $[M][LT^{-2}]$ | $[M L T^{-2}]$ |
| 8. | Impulse | Force $\times$ time | $[M L T^{-2}][T]$ | $[M L T^{-1}]$ |
| 9. | Work, Energy | Force $\times$ distance | $[M L T^{-2}][L]$ | $[M L^2 T^{-2}]$ |
| 10. | Power | Work / time | $[M L^2 T^{-2}]/[T]$ | $[M L^2 T^{-3}]$ |
| 11. | Momentum | Mass $\times$ velocity | $[M][LT^{-1}]$ | $[M L T^{-1}]$ |
| 12. | Pressure, stress | Force / area | $[M L T^{-2}]/[L^2]$ | $[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]$ |
| 13. | Strain | Change in dimension / Original dimension | $[L]/[L]$ | $[M^0 L^0 T^0]$ |
| 14. | Modulus of elasticity | Stress / strain | $[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]/[M^0 L^0 T^0]$ | $[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]$ |
| 15. | Surface tension | Force / length | $[M L T^{-2}]/[L]$ | $[M L^0 T^{-2}]$ |
| 16. | Surface energy | Energy / area | $[M L^2 T^{-2}]/[L^2]$ | $[M L^0 T^{-2}]$ |
| 17. | Velocity gradient | Velocity / distance | $[LT^{-1}]/[L]$ | $[M^0 L^0 T^{-1}]$ |
| 18. | Pressure gradient | Pressure / distance | $[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]/[L]$ | $[M L^{-2} T^{-2}]$ |
| 19. | Pressure energy | Pressure $\times$ volume | $[M L^{-1} T^{-2}][L^3]$ | $[M L^2 T^{-2}]$ |
| 20. | Coefficient of viscosity | Force / (area $\times$ velocity gradient) | $[M L T^{-2}] / [L^2][T^{-1}]$ | $[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]$ |